赫尔普曼和克鲁格曼引入规模经济来分析比较优势(Helpman and Krugman，1985)。他们发展了一个垄断竞争模型，该模型基于自由进入和平均成本定价，将产品多样性的数目视为由规模报酬和市场规模之间的相互作用内生决定。

Market size effects: Krugman (1980), Helpman and Krugman (1985), and Venables (1985b) develop models in which transport costs make the size of the domestic

1989. Trade Policy Market size effects: Krugman (1980), Helpman and Krugman (1985), and Venables (1985b) develop models in which transport costs make the size of the domestic Helpman (1981) and Helpman and Krugman (1985) made a major advance in international trade theory by integrating Chamberlin monopolistic competition. Mar 2, 1988 export growth (see Michaely (1977), Feder (1982), and Helpman and number of such products (see Helpman and Krugman (1985)). It is,. Oct 13, 2008 response to fixed R&D costs.6 These and other developments were incorporated and extended in Helpman and Krugman's 1985 monograph.

AUTHORS: Valeriano Martínez, Marta Bengoa, Blanca Sánchez-Robles Market Structure and Foreign Trade presents a coherent theory of trade in the presence of market structures other than perfect competition. The theory it develops explains trade patterns, especially of industrial countries, and provides an integration between trade and the role of multinational enterprises.Relating current theoretical work to the main body of trade theory, Helpman and Krugman by Helpman and Krugman (1985). The central idea is that a world with imperfect mobility of productive factors across regions or countries may replicate the essential equilibrium of a full y integrated economy provided that goods are perfectly mobile. The concept of the integrated equilibrium has proven exceptionally tractable and useful for papers in this regard. Helpman and Krugman (1985) is a seminal book synthesizing and enhancing this theory.

been extended in Helpman and Krugman (1985), and applied to the case of EU Southern expansion in Krugman and Venables (1990). The key idea is what is

5. 10. 15. 1980.

possibilities frontier and the absence of factor market distortions. Helpman and Krugman (1985) provide a rule that applies if aggregate factor usage is fixed between equilibria. Markusen and Melvin note that their condition can be found in various forms in Kemp and Negishi (1970), Markusen and Melvin (1981), and Helpman (1984).

Moreover, the data. As Deardorff (1984) and Helpman and Krugman (1985) explain, the new trade theory was designed to account for three major facts: • The ratio of trade to GDP has increased. • Trade has become more concentrated among industrialized countries. • Trade among industrialized countries is largely intraindustry trade.

Market Structure and Foreign Trade by Elhanan Helpman, Paul R. Krugman, 1985, MIT Press edition, Hardcover in English Helpman, E. and Krugman, P.R. (1985) Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy. MIT Press, Cambridge.
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Market Structure and Foreign Trade by Elhanan Helpman, Paul R. Krugman, 1985, MIT Press edition, Hardcover in English Helpman and Krugman (1985) show that the larger country's share of firms in that increasing returns industry exceed its share of consumers. Thus, a further development in the literature has been to examine the robustness of the home market effects (HMEs) under different modeling assumptions. tional comparative advantage. Early papers include Lancaster (1980), Krugman (1979, 1981), Dixit and Norman (1980), Helpman (1981), and Ethier (1982); much of the positive theory is summarized in a common framework by Helpman and Krugman (1985). 1 Product Di ﬀerentiation (Helpman and Krugman 1985) The CES utility function has proved very useful in models of product diﬀerentiation.

Thus, a further development in the literature has been to examine the robustness of the home market effects (HMEs) under different modeling assumptions. tional comparative advantage. Early papers include Lancaster (1980), Krugman (1979, 1981), Dixit and Norman (1980), Helpman (1981), and Ethier (1982); much of the positive theory is summarized in a common framework by Helpman and Krugman (1985). 1 Product Di ﬀerentiation (Helpman and Krugman 1985) The CES utility function has proved very useful in models of product diﬀerentiation.
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Bland de mest betydelsefulla kan nämnas Lancaster (1979), Helpman och Krugman (1985), Romer (1986, 1990), Lucas (1988), Grossman och

701) provides the following deﬁnition of monopolistic competition: 1. Helpman and Krugman (1985), was the theoretical scope for con-sidering production technology with increasing returns to scale (paired with the love of variety), which underpins the analytical frameworks of international trade under imperfect competition. 1987-03-01 By 1985, Krugman had woven these three elements together in the work he co-wrote with Elhanan Helpman, and which is still a standard reference, namely Market Structure and Foreign Trade: Increasing Returns, Imperfect Competition, and the International Economy (Helpman and Krugman 1985).

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Jun 6, 2013 Should we have let foundering financial firms fail in 2008? Economics correspondent Paul Solman sits down with economist Paul Krugman to

by Helpman and Krugman (1985). The central idea is that a world with imperfect mobility of productive factors across regions or countries may replicate the essential equilibrium of a full y integrated economy provided that goods are perfectly mobile. The concept of the integrated equilibrium has proven exceptionally tractable and useful for data. As Deardorff (1984) and Helpman and Krugman (1985) explain, the new trade theory was designed to account for three major facts: • The ratio of trade to GDP has increased.

av K Liljefors · 2006 — (Helpman och Krugman, 1985, kap 2) Detta är nära besläktat med tilltagande skalavkastning, och påverkar företags agerande beträffande direktinvesteringar på

Krugman (1985) Specialization in the Helpman-Krugman model. 3.

Se hela listan på baike.baidu.com Helpman and Krugman, 1985. Helpman E., P. Krugman. Market structure and foreign trade. MIT Press, Amsterdam (1985). Google Scholar. Henderson, 1974. Oct 16, 2008 “Paul Krugman: His Contributions to Trade and Economic Geography” Subsequent analysis by Helpman and Krugman (1985), used.